Introduction

Electric power grids, pivotal to modern life, are recognized as critical infrastructure. Recent advancements in power systems have led to the development of cyber-physical-power-systems (CPPS). These systems merge physical power infrastructure with cyber elements for control, computing, and communication, enabling smart grid technologies through bidirectional electricity and information flows. However, this increased reliance on communication systems introduces new vulnerabilities. Notably, power grids have become prime targets for cyber-attacks, surpassing other critical infrastructures in attack frequency. Recent high-profile incidents highlight the critical need for robust cybersecurity measures. For instance:

  • In 2015, the Ukrainian power grid experienced a cyber-attack that led to widespread outages, affecting over 200,000 consumers.

  • The 2020 SolarWinds attack, though not directly targeting power grids, exposed vulnerabilities in supply chain security, underscoring the interconnected nature of modern cyber threats.

To address these challenges, it is crucial to test vulnerabilities in both the physical and communication aspects of CPPS. Every communication link represents a potential vector for cyber-attacks. Power system simulators can be used to model the physical components, while NetSim can be used to simulate the communication network. This co-simulation approach facilitates the investigation of CPPS vulnerabilities and the development of defense approaches in a controlled laboratory environment.

Overview

Electric power grids are the backbone of modern society, ensuring the continuous delivery of electricity essential for daily life and economic activities. With the advent of CPPS, the integration of physical processes with networked computational resources has become a reality. This integration, while offering enhanced functionality and efficiency, also introduces new vulnerabilities to cyber-attacks.

Importance of CPPS

CPPS represent a convergence of traditional power systems and advanced information technology. This integration allows for real-time monitoring and control, predictive maintenance, and improved resilience of power grids. CPPS are crucial for the smart grid evolution, enabling efficient energy management, distributed generation, and renewable energy integration.

Objectives of the Manual

This manual aims to provide comprehensive guidance on simulating and analyzing CPPS using NetSim. The manual will cover:

  • Interfacing NetSim with real-time power system simulators

  • Understanding and implementing various electrical and network protocols

  • Simulating network attacks and assessing their impact on CPPS

  • Practical examples and case studies to illustrate key concepts